Since a pair of shooters opened fire Tuesday in Jersey City, N.J., the state’s attorney general, Gurbir Grewal, had been reluctant to label the assault on a local kosher market specifically as an anti-Semitic act. As recent as Wednesday afternoon, even after identifying the shooters, Grewal said authorities were still not in a position to definitively assign a motive.

By Thursday, though, he was ready to say it.

“At this point, the evidence points towards acts of hate,” the attorney general told reporters at a joint news conference with other law enforcement officials. “I can confirm that we’re investigating this matter as potential acts of terrorism, fueled both by anti-Semitism and anti-law enforcement beliefs.”

The announcement comes after two days of investigation into attacks that left six people dead — three civilians, one police officer and the two shooters. Grewal said authorities reached their conclusion on the motives of David N. Anderson, 47, and Francine Graham, 50, by interviewing eyewitnesses and identifying “a number of social media accounts that we believe were used by the suspects and purport to espouse certain viewpoints.”

“The cowards that took down those innocent victims engage only the folks in that store and in the law enforcement community,” said Craig Carpenito, U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey, referring to closed-circuit TV footage of the attack. “You could see people walking by. They didn’t engage anyone. They were clearly targeting that store. They were clearly targeting the Jersey City Police Department. We don’t know why.”

At the moment, officials believe the shooters were working alone. Investigators say the attackers subscribed to views consistent with the Black Hebrew Israelites — a black supremacist organization that has been associated with anti-Semitism — although Grewal says investigators have not yet established any formal links between the shooters and the group.

Five firearms were recovered from the scene of the attack — four of which were found inside the market and one inside the U-Haul van that the shooters drove to the location. Grewal said one of the guns inside the store was an “AR-15-style weapon,” referring to the controversial weapons that have been used in a number of massacres in recent years, including the shootings in Las Vegas and Newtown, Conn.

Gregory Ehrie, the FBI’s special agent in charge in Newark, told reporters Wednesday that police officers had also discovered a viable pipe bomb that the shooters had left behind in their van.

“The FBI will … continue to investigate this as a domestic terrorism incident with a hate crime bias slant to it,” Ehrie said at the news conference Thursday. “We are pressing forward in collaboration with our local, state and federal partners to, again, try to understand the ‘why’ behind this.”

As the investigation unfolds, members of the area Jewish community have struggled to grieve for their lost friends and loved ones.

On Wednesday night, thousands of mourners turned out in Jersey City as well as in the Williamsburg neighborhood of nearby Brooklyn for the funerals of Mindel Ferencz, who owned the market with her husband, and her cousin Moshe Deutsch — both of whom observed the Orthodox Jewish faith of Satmar Hasidim.

“Before, we felt more secured,” Moshe Blumenberg, a teacher from Union City, N.J., told Fred Mogul of member station WNYC during the Brooklyn memorial. He said the shooting has compounded rampant anxieties about recent anti-Semitic violence.

“We have police; we have everything. Now we see the only one who can protect us is God,” he added, “and it’s very terrifying.”

Residents of Jersey City have remarked on underlying frictions in the community between some longtime black residents and Jewish newcomers. The city has been coping with a recent population surge, part of which has been driven by an influx of ultra-Orthodox Jewish residents.

Plenty of city natives have complained of feeling pushed out; some Jewish residents, meanwhile, told WNYC’s Arun Venugopal that they’ve found themselves on the receiving end of anti-Semitic insults or even violence.

Jersey City Mayor Steven Fulop, who is Jewish and who forcefully declared Wednesday that “there is no question that this is a hate crime,” expressed relief Thursday that Grewal had joined him in using similar language.

“I’m just glad that we’re all here in the same place calling it what it is — that’s the only thing that’s important,” he tweeted after Thursday’s news conference. “We do a disservice to Judaism + ppl fighting against hate by not labeling this what it is.”

Meanwhile, as of late Thursday afternoon, authorities have raised more than $300,000 for the family of Detective Joseph Seals, the Jersey City police officer killed by the shooters at a separate location before they descended on the market

“Unfortunately, he leaves behind five children. We would anticipate the money would probably be used for education costs for these children growing up,” said Steve Lenox, spokesman for Jersey City Police Officers Benevolent Association, one of the organizations behind the fundraising effort. “You know, they lost their hero father — they should want for nothing in coming years as they continue to grow up.”

NPR’s Jeff Brady contributed to this report.

Updated at 6:18 p.m. ET

President Trump signed an executive order on Wednesday that will make Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act apply to anti-Semitic acts. The order is generating concern that it will stifle free speech by those who oppose Israel’s policy toward the Palestinians.

The executive order takes indirect aim at the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement that has generated intense controversy on college campuses.

Title VI bans discrimination based on race, color or national origin in programs and activities, such as colleges and universities, that receive federal funding. The executive order will extend the ban to discrimination based on anti-Semitism.

Trump signed the order at a Hanukkah celebration at the White House on Wednesday afternoon. A draft copy of the executive order was published Wednesday by Jewish Insider.

The draft order suggests that those charged with enforcing Title VI consider the definition of anti-Semitism adopted by International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, which states: “Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities.”

The order points in particular to the alliance’s “Contemporary Examples of Anti-Semitism.”

Among its examples is “Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor.”

Anti-Defamation League CEO Jonathan Greenblatt says the order won’t define Jewishness as a nationality, but rather includes Jews under the rubric of Title VI.

“That’s something we have long advocated for and does not break new ground in identifying Jews as a protected class,” he tells NPR. “But what it does say is that discrimination against Jews may give rise to a Title VI violation when that discrimination is based on the individual’s race, color or national origin.”

He says the guidance will be useful to law enforcement, campus officials and others trying to fight hate.

The left-leaning Jewish group J-Street said in a statement that the order “appears designed less to combat anti-Semitism than to have a chilling effect on free speech and to crack down on campus critics of Israel.”

J-Street adds that “we feel it is misguided and harmful for the White House to unilaterally declare a broad range of nonviolent campus criticism of Israel to be anti-Semitic, especially at a time when the prime driver of anti-Semitism in this country is the xenophobic, white nationalist far-right.”

The White House said it had been spurred by a rise in anti-Semitic incidents since 2013, and that it was looking for a way to ensure colleges take anti-Semitic acts seriously.

The Republican Jewish Coalition praised the move, calling Trump “the most Pro-Israel President in American history” and saying that he has “shown himself to be the most pro-Jewish president as well. Today’s order will have a real, positive impact in protecting Jewish college students from anti-Semitism.”

James Loeffler, a professor of Jewish history at the University of Virginia, says there has been a century-long debate among Jewish civil rights activists about the question of defining Jews differently.

“Everyone recognizes that Jews are a complicated amalgam of ethnicity and religion, and treating them as a kind of quasi-racial group can have negative consequences,” he says. “There’s a lot of fear among many Jewish leaders all throughout the past century about that.”

He says that because Jews have a different kind of identity, using the law to figure out how to protect them “is what we should be doing, as well as for other groups who may not fit exactly against the religion or race categories that we normally think about minorities in terms of.”

On its face, Loeffer says, Trump’s order is a reasonable way to address concerns about anti-Semitism and discrimination, particularly because Title VI doesn’t refer to religion.

But he says he share the concerns of those who believe it could be used to infringe on the First Amendment rights of those who would voice controversial political speech about Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. “Clearly, given the administration’s political position on those issues, it’s not unrealistic to see this as coming out of that context.”

Like many statutes and administrative rules, Loeffer says, the effect of the executive order will depend on how it’s interpreted.

NPR White House correspondent Tamara Keith and religion correspondent Tom Gjelten contributed to this report.