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Two Americans and a British scientist have been awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for discovering how the body’s cells sense and react to oxygen levels, work that has paved the way for new strategies to fight anemia, cancer and other diseases, the Nobel Committee said.

Doctors William G. Kaelin Jr. of Harvard University, Gregg L. Semenza of Johns Hopkins University and Peter J. Ratcliffe at the Francis Crick Institute in Britain and Oxford University will share equally the 9 million kronor ($918,000) cash award, the Karolinska Institute said. It is the 110th prize in the category that has been awarded since 1901.

The Nobel Committee said their work has “greatly expanded our knowledge of how physiological response makes life possible,” explaining that the scientists identified the biological machinery that regulates how genes respond to varying levels of oxygen. That response is key to things like producing red blood cells, generating new blood vessels and fine-tuning the immune system.

The Nobel Committee said scientists are focused on developing drugs that can treat diseases by either activating or blocking the body’s oxygen-sensing machinery.

The oxygen response is hijacked by cancer cells, for example, which stimulate formation of blood vessels to help themselves grow.  And people with kidney failure often get hormonal treatments for anemia, but the work of the new laureates points the way toward new treatments, Nils-Goran Larsson of the Nobel committee told The Associated Press.

Reached at his home, Kaelin said he was half-asleep Monday morning when the phone rang. It was Stockholm.

“I was aware as a scientist that if you get a phone call at 5 a.m. with too many digits, it’s sometimes very good news, and my heart started racing. It was all a bit surreal,” he said.

Kaelin said he isn’t sure yet how he’ll spend the prize money but “obviously I’ll try to put it to some good cause.” Kaelin is paid by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which also supports AP’s Health and Science Department with some grants.

Ratcliffe said he was summoned out of a morning meeting by his secretary, who had “a look of urgency.”

“He had a Swedish accent, so I figured it probably wasn’t one of my friends pulling my leg,” he said of the Nobel caller.

Trained as a kidney doctor, Ratcliffe said his research began when he and his colleagues simply wanted to figure out how cells sense oxygen. “I thought it was a definable problem and just thought we’d find out how it worked,” he said.

Ratcliffe said it was about two years into the research program that first began in 1990 when they realized the discovery had much wider significance. “We saw that it wasn’t just cells in the kidney that know how to sense oxygen, but all cells in the body,” he said. “They use this to do a huge range of other things, reprogram the cells, cause the growth of blood vessels, differentiation of cells. There are hundreds and thousands of processes the body uses to adapt to and regulate its oxygen levels.”

He said while some promising drugs have been developed, including for kidney patients who don’t get enough oxygen, it will be years before it’s clear whether such discoveries are going to change the lives of tens of thousands. Ratcliffe described his fellow laureates as “colleagues, competitors and friends.”

He said he felt honored by the Nobel accolade but that his main goal had always been pure science. “The satisfaction is really finding things out that will continue to be true for all time,” he said. “This is for me an eternal truth and as a scientist, we work away, we find these things out and we hope they will be useful.”

Ratcliffe said he plans to have a celebratory party at the laboratory and later with his family. “A lot of people came to the office after the phone call and we had some champagne,” he said.

In Baltimore, Semenza said when he and his colleagues were studying a gene in a rare cell type in the kidney they did an experiment that showed the factor they discovered — which was linked to oxygen — suggested it had widespread physiological importance. It turns out that the gene turns on erythropoietin, or EPO, which controls red blood cell production, when cells don’t get enough oxygen.

“We found it very interesting that the body can respond to oxygen,” he told the AP. That discovery has led to treatments for people with chronic kidney disease who become anemic when their kidneys stop making EPO. “Now, drugs can turn on EPO production by increasing these factors.”

Semenza said it was likely one or more of these drugs will be approved for production in the next few years and that one has already been green-lighted in China. Semenza has gone on to author more than 400 research articles and book chapters.

Andrew Murray of the University of Cambridge said the three laureates’ discovery was fundamental to understanding how to combat diseases of the heart and lungs as well as numerous cancers. “Low oxygen levels are a feature of some of the most life-threatening diseases,” he said. “When cells are short of oxygen, as is the case with heart failure and lung disease, the tissues need to respond to that in order to maintain energy levels.”

Murray said the case of cancer was slightly different. Some cancer tumors thrive under low oxygen conditions, so Murray said scientists are trying to develop drugs to manipulate oxygen levels under these circumstances.

“The work they have done is already leading the way to drugs that manipulate oxygen sensing pathways,” he said.

Last year, James Allison of the United States and Tasuku Honjo of Japan won the 2018 Nobel Prize for medicine for their work in immunotherapy, activating the body’s natural defense system to fight tumors.

Monday’s announcement kicked off this year’s Nobel Prizes. Last year, the Nobel Prize in literature was not awarded following sex abuse allegations and other issues within the ranks of the Swedish Academy that selects the winner.

This year’s double-header literature prizes — one each for 2018 and 2019 — will be awarded Thursday. The Nobel physics prize is handed out Tuesday, followed by the chemistry prize Wednesday.

The peace prize will be announced Friday. The economics prize will be awarded October 14.

The laureates will receive their awards at elegant ceremonies in Stockholm and Oslo on December 10 — the anniversary of Nobel’s death in 1896.