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Mr. Frese will make his initial appearance on Thursday in federal court in Alexandria, Va., where his case is being prosecuted.

The F.B.I. said that it received court permission to wiretap Mr. Frese’s cellphone and intercept some of his text messages and phone calls. The government also received data from Twitter, where he often communicated with one of the reporters.

Mr. Frese shared information classified as top secret with reporters multiple times as far back as April 2018, when he gained access to an intelligence report about an unnamed foreign country’s weapons systems — a topic unrelated to his counterterrorism work, according to court papers.

Mr. Frese shared information from the report with Amanda Macias, a national security reporter at CNBC who was his girlfriend, according to court papers and social media posts. She published eight articles related to information from Mr. Frese and five intelligence reports, according to prosecutors, who identified her only as Journalist 1.

Details in court papers about their communications, their social media accounts and their shared residential address made clear that Ms. Macias was Journalist 1. She did not respond to an email request for comment.

In private messages sent over Twitter in late April 2018, Ms. Macias told Mr. Frese that an American military official knew nothing about the intelligence report he had shared with her. He called the denial “weird” and later searched a classified government computer system for related terms, and called Ms. Frese back.

Within days, Ms. Macias was the first journalist to report that China had installed missiles and missile systems in the South China Sea. When she posted a link to the article on Twitter, Mr. Frese shared her tweet as well.