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Mr. Trump, who had to pay $110,000 to have his own contempt order lifted this spring, has denied all wrongdoing and called Ms. James’s investigation a “witch hunt.”

Justice Engoron had concluded that Mr. Trump failed to fully comply with Ms. James’s subpoena for his personal documents. Mr. Trump was eventually released from contempt, but only after he paid the fine and his lawyers clarified the extent to which they searched his records.

Mr. Trump also fought Ms. James’s effort to grill him under oath, arguing in part that he should not have to answer her questions while he is also facing a criminal investigation from the Manhattan district attorney’s office into some of the same conduct.

But Justice Engoron disagreed, and ordered Mr. Trump to sit for the deposition, a ruling that was upheld by a New York state appellate court.

The criminal investigation had been moving toward an indictment of Mr. Trump early this year until the district attorney, Alvin L. Bragg, developed concerns about whether his office had sufficient evidence to prove that Mr. Trump intentionally misrepresented the value of his properties on his annual financial statements.

Some of the same challenges could arise in Ms. James’s civil case. At a trial, Mr. Trump’s legal team would likely argue that property valuations are subjective, and that any errors were not intentional. They might also note that his financial statements contained numerous disclaimers, including that the property valuations were not audited.

Still, Ms. James appears to believe that she has amassed enough evidence to take action against Mr. Trump. The former president, she said recently, “got caught” using “funny numbers in his financial documents.”