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Representative Mike Gallagher, Republican of Wisconsin, defended the agencies, saying, “They are doing a very difficult job and they are actually trying to advance the president’s priorities.”

Mr. Trump’s defenders, however, said the threat assessment reflected the views of the national security establishment — a culture that the president took office vowing to disrupt. They said the president would be vindicated for many of his foreign policy initiatives.

“The establishment is wrong and he’s right,” said Stephen K. Bannon, who served as Mr. Trump’s chief strategist until last year. “He’s made NATO more robust. In the Middle East, we’re much more engaged. The destruction of the underlying physical caliphate of ISIS is a fact.”

Jack Keane, a retired four-star Army general, said the nature of intelligence assessments was not to give credit to foreign policy achievements but to dwell on the risks and shortfalls.

“The president wants credit for moving away from an appeasement policy toward a more confrontational approach toward Iran,” Mr. Keane said. “This president has approached the Iranians more than any other president, and he wants to get credit for it.”

In his tweets on Wednesday, Mr. Trump said negotiations with the Taliban to wind down the war in Afghanistan were “proceeding well.” He said the relationship with North Korea was the “best it has ever been with U.S. No testing, getting remains, hostages returned. Decent chance of Denuclearization …”

Under his predecessor, President Barack Obama, he said, the “relationship was horrendous and very bad things were about to happen.”