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But Mr. Biden’s slow rollout of new climate regulations on power plants and automobiles has also fueled frustration among many in the Democratic base who say the tumultuous state of the nation requires urgency. But with the Supreme Court decision to overturn Roe v. Wade, soaring inflation and now failed climate legislation, Mr. Biden has mostly urged Congress to act and Americans to vote while avoiding sweeping executive action that his administration fears could get tied up in the courts.

The combination of inaction in Congress and increasing number of crises has put Mr. Biden in a political bind just months before the midterm elections. The possibility that Democrats could cede power to Republicans has added urgency to the need to pass legislation quickly.

“There were very high expectations around a pretty high number of issues from climate to democracy and the hopes of having a F.D.R.-type climate legacy have been replaced with the reversing of 50-year-old rights in this country young women are supposed to have,” said Sean McElwee, the founding executive director of Data for Progress, a liberal policy and polling organization. “I do think that’s demoralizing and maybe expectations were too high.”

Over the past year, Mr. Biden has directed the E.P.A. to create new regulations to cut emissions from the nation’s three largest sources of planet-warming pollution: cars, power plants and oil and gas wells. Combined, those rules could take a significant bite out of the nation’s carbon pollution, experts said, assuming they stand up to inevitable lawsuits from Republican states. But the rules are not expected to be completed until 2023 or 2024 — and their ambition could still be watered down in response to political objections from automakers, union workers and swing state voters.

“The unsexy reality is that with these tools, we will make some progress, and it will not be as much as Biden hoped for,” said Jody Freeman, an environmental law professor at Harvard who advised the Obama White House on climate policy. “But making some progress is better than making no progress — and over time these rules could unlock new technologies and gains that we can’t anticipate down the road.”

Some Democrats see the slow pace and low profile of the rule-making as somewhat of a concession to Mr. Manchin, a coal state senator who has opposed many E.P.A. rules. The White House is still holding out hope that Mr. Manchin will come back to the table in the fall to negotiate some portion of a climate change bill.