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Mr. Biden’s economic advisers, however, made the case that by resuming loan payments and pairing the loan forgiveness with income caps, the cancellation would have a negligible effect on rising consumer prices. The president’s chief of staff, Ron Klain, also advised him that providing relief could galvanize young voters who are increasingly frustrated with him.

Senate Democrats continued to make direct appeals to the White House in the days leading up the decision. Senator Charles Schumer of New York, the majority leader, as well as Senators Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts and Raphael Warnock of Georgia, met with Mr. Klain and Brian Deese, one of Mr. Biden’s top economic advisers, to lobby the White House on student loan forgiveness.

Mr. Schumer spoke with Mr. Biden on Tuesday night to ask him to cancel as much debt as possible, according to a Democrat familiar with the conversation.

Legal challenges are expected, although who would have the standing to press their case in court is unclear. A recent Virginia Law Review article argued that the answer might be no one: States, for example, have little say in the operation of a federal loan system.

Mary-Pat Hector, a graduate student at Georgia State University and an activist who has pushed for loan forgiveness, said Mr. Biden’s move was an important first step to support those disappointed by the administration’s failure to accomplish other policy goals, such as providing two free years of community college.

“They were told: Vote because your life depends on it,” said Ms. Hector, 23, who has $50,000 in loans from Spelman College. “And then we’re here on the ground, months away from midterm elections, and people in these communities are wondering, ‘Well, does my vote really matter?’”