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That includes Mr. Biden’s more ambitious immigration overhaul, the U.S. Citizenship Act, which would provide legal status to almost all undocumented immigrants in the country, provide money to secure ports of entry and speed up the processing of asylum claims, expand legal immigration and pump $4 billion into Central American countries that have sent a flood of asylum seekers northward to the U.S. border in recent years.

Douglas Rivlin, the communications director at the immigrant advocacy organization America’s Voice, said that bill remained the “North Star” for activists. But groups like his helped coalesce around a strategy to try advancing narrower bills for Dreamers and farmworkers first to test the waters.

“If anything is going to get 60 votes and build a coalition around it, it’s these two bills for deeply rooted, long-term immigrants and deeply rooted agriculture in lots of places, red states,” he said. “It allows us to see where Republicans are.”

House Democratic leaders have pledged to hold a vote on Mr. Biden’s Citizenship Act this year, as well. For now, though, their own members are divided over it, with moderates and progressives at odds over border security provisions.

And in the Senate, Bob Menendez, Democrat of New Jersey and a lead sponsor of the plan, said this week that he would be trying to determine “if we can amalgamate enough people to have a more significant, broader effort.”

Progressives and pro-immigration activists are not holding their breath. They are already pushing Democratic leaders to find a way to force through broad immigration changes without the minority party, including by blowing up the filibuster.

Another option they are discussing is to package a sweeping legalization measure with a large jobs and infrastructure package that enjoys bipartisan support, by including legislation granting a path to citizenship for millions of undocumented essential workers.