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“They don’t know her local activism,” Ms. D’Arezzo said. “They don’t see her walking around and just hanging out on corners. They don’t see the way she connects with us.”

Ms. Omar’s victory was one of the final electoral priorities for progressive organizations during the 2020 primary season, which began with abject disappointment for them but has since turned around. When the leading progressive candidates, Senators Bernie Sanders of Vermont and Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts, lost the party’s presidential nomination to former Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr., some had written the left wing of Democrats off — minimizing it as a collection of activists and social media voices, not something with mass electoral appeal.

In the months since, a string of insurgent victories in down-ballot races — and the strong re-elections of people like Ms. Omar, Representative Rashida Tlaib of Michigan and Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York — point to a more complicated picture, and a wing of the party that remains ascendant.

In recent months, challengers supported by groups like Justice Democrats and the Sunrise Movement have won primaries in New York, Illinois and Missouri. The victory in St. Louis was particularly notable, the first time a Black challenger had been able to unseat a member of the Black Congressional Caucus, a key block of the House leadership’s power that represents many deep-blue Democratic districts.

Taken together, the triumphs by challengers and primary victories by incumbents have offered a path forward for political movements on the left. If you can get into office and stay there, people like Ms. Omar argue, you can prove to constituents that your proposed reforms are not radical.

Justice Democrats also issued a statement about Ms. Omar’s success on Tuesday. In recent weeks, Democrats across the spectrum have lined up to support the incumbent, making a rare alliance between Speaker Nancy Pelosi and the groups that seek to push her left.