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But the strike on the Iranian general was preoccupying many lawmakers. Some Democrats, calling the action unauthorized and illegal, made clear over the weekend that they intended to try to curtail Mr. Trump’s ability to strike Iran in the future. After the White House on Saturday sent Congress an unusual, completely classified notification of the drone strike, Ms. Pelosi said it raised “serious and urgent questions” about the decision.

“Congress and I will do everything I can to assert our authority,” Senator Chuck Schumer of New York, the Democratic leader, said Sunday on ABC. “We do not need this president either bumbling or impulsively getting us into a major war.”

But in a clear signal that he has no interest in consulting with Congress on his military moves or strategy, Mr. Trump suggested on Sunday that lawmakers should monitor social media to discern how he plans to proceed.

“These Media Posts will serve as notification to the United States Congress that should Iran strike any U.S. person or target, the United States will quickly & fully strike back, & perhaps in a disproportionate manner,” the president tweeted. “Such legal notice is not required, but is given nevertheless!”

Senators are expected to receive a full briefing from administration officials in the coming week on the strike. An all-members briefing in the House has yet to be scheduled, according to a senior Democratic aide.

“As members of Congress, our first responsibility is to keep the American people safe,” Ms. Pelosi said in a letter announcing the war-powers vote. “For this reason, we are concerned that the administration took this action without the consultation of Congress and without respect for Congress’s war powers granted to it by the Constitution.”

Senators could be forced to vote on a similar resolution as soon as mid-January.

That timing could collide directly with an impeachment trial, an all-consuming proceeding that brings other Senate work to a halt.