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Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Chief Kerr Putney said Wednesday that Howell, a 21-year-old environmental studies major, was a hero who “did exactly what we train people to do” and that he “took the assailant off his feet.”

“You’re either going to run, you’re going to hide and shield, or you’re going to take the fight to the assailant,” Putney said at a news conference. “Having no place to run and hide, he did the last. But for his work, the assailant may not have been disarmed. Unfortunately, he gave his life in the process, but his sacrifice saved lives.”

Fighting an assailant is a last resort, Burba said. People in active shooter situations are urged to run from the danger but if they are unable to do that, they are told to hide. That can involve locking the door to rooms, turning off the lights to make it appear as though no one is inside, and using furniture to barricade doors, he said.

Even if the door opens out, stacking furniture can create impediments to a shooter. “Even if they get the door open, now they’ve got all these obstacles,” Burba said.

The UNC Charlotte campus went on lockdown during the shooting, and students studying in the library described hearing an announcement on the intercom and people coming into the building yelling about a shooter.

One student who was in a library study room told NBC affiliate WCNC of Charlotte on Tuesday that they barricaded themselves in the room by putting a table against the door.

Eventually, a police officer entered the library and told students inside to leave “and we all grabbed our stuff and ran out,” she said.

Another student, Jordan Pearce, 19, was also in the library and grabbed another girl, and the two hid in a men’s restroom until police arrived and escorted them out.

Some students as young as Pearce are not strangers to active shooter training; they grew up participating in active shooter drills. She said Wednesday that she had training in high school, and UNC Charlotte had also talked to students about it, telling them to run, hide or fight and to stay away from windows.

But she said her reaction “was also a gut instinct.”

Randy Spivey, founder of the Center for Personal Protection and Safety, which licenses training videos to schools, including the UNC system, said the instruction is designed to make people aware of their options.

The company produced the video “Shots Fired, When Lightning Strikes” in 2007 after the Virginia Tech shooting which uses the terms “get out, hide out, take out.” That video was used as a reference by the DHS in the active shooter guidance it published in 2008.

“What we don’t want is them to be frozen in fear with no options because they have no training,” he said.

“Before first responders arrive, those students or your children are immediate responders, and they are in what we call that extreme danger gap,” before police or other law enforcement arrive, Spivey said. “Many times, it’s what they do between the 2, 5, 10-minute window that determines the outcome.”

People also need to learn the “red flags” that can offer clues that someone could become violent against others or themselves, Spivey said.

He said that training in recognizing signs of behavior that can precede violence is especially needed in K-12 schools, and his company has produced a video it will make available to schools free of charge.

“It’s not just school shooters, but also some of those same indicators that someone is progressing towards violence, they’re also for suicide,” Spivey said.

Ken Trump, president of National School Safety and Security Services, which deals with school security and training for pre-K-12 schools only, says that anecdotally there has been an increase in some of those districts adopting “run, hide, fight” or other options-based training, but “the vast majority in our experience are still not doing that.”

“You’re looking at asking kids to make life-and-death decisions and they’re not emotionally, behaviorally and mentally developed to do that,” he said, adding “we know the traditional lockdowns work.”

The non-profit group Safe Havens International has studied options-based active shooter training in K-12 schools and in simulations at a southwestern U.S. school district, staff members who completed a five-hour training program based on “Run. Hide. Fight.” were more likely to opt for force in a scenario involving a student with a handgun to his head.

In one out of four incidents, staff members who had the options-based training would opt to throw objects at or attack that student, and staff members who had not received formal training would begin talking to the student and encouraging him to put the gun down, the group’s CEO wrote in a January 2018 article in the trade magazine Security Management.

“Colleges and higher ed have a lot more applicability in that concept [run, hide or fight] because there may be fewer areas accessible to lockdowns,” and more open areas, Chris Dorn, senior analyst for the group, said Thursday.

Terrell was arrested and is charged with two counts of murder and four counts of attempted murder for the UNC Charlotte shooting. Officials told WCNC that Terrell was a history major at the school but had dropped out this semester.

A motive for the shooting, which occurred on the last day of classes, has not been released by police. A police report says that investigators do not believe Terrell knew the people killed in the attack.