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In the lawsuit, the Justice Department also complained that Mr. Snowden had been paid for giving speeches without submitting his planned remarks for prepublication review, and said he should be ordered to turn over those profits as well.

The lawsuit also named Mr. Snowden’s publisher, Macmillan, as a defendant, but said it was seeking only to prevent the company from paying royalties to Mr. Snowden that should now instead be turned over to the federal government.

Mr. Snowden has been hailed as a whistle-blower by privacy and civil liberties advocates, while denounced as a traitor by national security officials. His disclosures prompted reforms.

Among them, Congress ended in 2015 the N.S.A.’s collection of logs of Americans’ phone records. It set up an alternative system where the bulk records remain with phone companies and the agency, with a court’s permission, may access certain logs for counterterrorism analysis. The agency has since shut down that program as well, and it is not clear if lawmakers will extend a law authorizing it that is set to expire soon.

Mr. Snowden has said he will not voluntarily return to the United States because he cannot get a fair trial, in his view. In an interview on CBS on Monday, he reiterated that the law would prevent him from arguing to jurors that they should acquit him of violating the Espionage Act because he was a whistle-blower making disclosures in the public interest.

Officials and contractors who seek security clearances routinely agree to submit writings that relate to their work for prepublication review. The censorship system traces back to limits imposed on a handful of C.I.A. officials in the 1950s and has since ratcheted up to cover many more people and agencies.

In a 1980 ruling, Snepp v. United States, the Supreme Court permitted the C.I.A. to seize the proceeds from a former officer who published a book without submitting it to the agency for such review.