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John Bercow, the speaker of the House of Commons, has also responded fiercely, issuing a statement that denounced Mr. Johnson’s decision as a “constitutional outrage” that would “undermine his democratic credentials.”

Others say Mr. Johnson is acting well within his powers.

Crucially, that group includes Arlene Foster, the leader of the Democratic Unionist Party, whose lawmakers Mr. Johnson’s government depends on to win parliamentary votes.

She said that she welcomed the decision, adding that a new session of Parliament would be “an opportunity to ensure our priorities align with those of the government.”

Does this mean there will be a no-deal Brexit?

Again, this is unclear. The shortened time frame raises the risk that Britain could potentially crash out of Europe without an agreement, which economists say would be chaotic and economically damaging.

Parliament, which has struggled to agree on anything since the 2016 referendum on Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union that saw the country vote in favor of severing ties, seems relatively unified behind the idea that Britain exiting without a deal would be harmful.

The failure of the former prime minister, Theresa May, to pass an agreement for an orderly departure through Parliament ultimately led to her downfall. But Mr. Johnson has repeatedly said that he is willing to leave the European Union with or without an agreement, though he would prefer to have one.

A meeting of the European Council — set for Oct. 17 and 18 — seems to be the one window of opportunity in this new timeline for Mr. Johnson to secure a deal.