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The sums that the representatives’ businesses received through this program were also much higher than any one person will get from the student loan forgiveness program, which will cancel up to $20,000 in loan debt for people below certain income limits.

Independent analyses show that the people eligible for college loan debt relief are disproportionately young and Black. The Education Department estimates that nearly 90 percent of affected borrowers earn $75,000 a year or less.

Some in the worlds of social media and politics speculated that this sassy new tone for the @WhiteHouse account was the work of the strategist Megan Coyne, who until recently had run the unusually brash New Jersey state government Twitter account under Gov. Philip D. Murphy, a Democrat. Ms. Coyne announced on Aug. 1 that she was joining the Biden administration’s Office of Digital Strategy as deputy director of platforms.

But the White House would not say how much Ms. Coyne was involved with the messaging, and she had no comment apart from tweeting a smiley emoji above a screenshot showing that the responses to the critics were a top trend on Twitter.

The approach itself clearly had full buy-in from the Biden administration. Asked about the tweets on Friday, Bharat Ramamurti, a deputy director of Mr. Biden’s National Economic Council, told reporters at a White House briefing that “we absolutely think it’s a fair comparison” between P.P.P. and student debt.

“Our view is, why is there a double standard here?” Mr. Ramamurti said. “Why is it, from the perspective of Republicans, great to forgive a loan of up to $10 million to a business owner, but if we want to provide $10,000 or $20,000 in loan forgiveness for a teacher or a bus driver or a nurse, all the sudden it’s socialism?”