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“Nancy Pelosi is not being serious” when it comes to the negotiations, she said.

The acrimonious impasse persisted even as several industries, notably airlines, were running into severe financial constraints as the virus showed no sign of abating and people avoided traveling. Without the promise of congressional aid, United Airlines and American Airlines began furloughs of 30,000 workers on Thursday. The Labor Department reported Thursday that 787,000 Americans filed for state unemployment benefits for the first time last week, figures — unadjusted for seasonal variations — that are about four times the weekly tally of claims from before the pandemic.

In a 90-minute meeting on Wednesday in Ms. Pelosi’s office, Mr. Mnuchin put forward a $1.6 trillion offer, which Ms. Pelosi rejected as inadequate.

“We’re hopeful that we can reach an agreement because the needs of the American people are great,” Ms. Pelosi said. “But there has to be a recognition that it takes money to do that, and it takes the right language to make sure it’s done right.”

The measure House Democrats pushed through contained many of the elements of their original $3.4 trillion stimulus plan, although lawmakers curtailed how long some provisions would last. In an effort to scale back the cost, lawmakers also halved their original proposal of nearly $1 trillion for state, local and tribal governments.

Democrats maintained a provision that would revive a lapsed $600-a-week enhanced federal unemployment benefit and another that would send an additional round of $1,200 stimulus checks to Americans. (Mr. Mnuchin said on Wednesday that if an agreement were struck, it would likely include another round of stimulus checks.)

They also included $225 billion for schools and $57 billion for child care, an extension of an expiring program intended to prevent the layoffs of airline workers through March 31, and the creation of a $120 billion program to bolster restaurants struggling to survive.

Ms. Pelosi insisted that approval of the Democratic plan would not signal the end of negotiations, telling reporters that “it just says” that “this is how we came down” from the package approved in May.